Carbohydrates are complex.  In addition to the size/mass differences increasing from monosaccharides to oligosaccharides to polysaccharides, the carbohydrate analyst must also contend with which sugars are present (composition), how they are joined together (linkage), and their stereochemistry (configuration and anomericity).  New techniques developed for glycomics and glycoproteomics are highly applicable for the analysis of most complex carbohydrate products.  This talk will review methods for composition and linkage analysis of sugars, and introduce new methods of end-labeling, chiral isotopic labeling, and deuterium exchange (HX) that are compatible with MALDI-TOF MS, electrospray mass spectrometry, and NMR for the analysis of carbohydrates.