Molecular basis of Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation

Biofilms, surface attached microbial communities composed of microorganisms and the extra-polymeric substances they produce, enhance growth and survival of microorganisms in natural settings. Biofilms contribute to dissemination, environmental survival, and transmission of human pathogens. One such pathogen is Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the disease cholera. We have determined that V. cholerae use their polar flagellum and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) pili to facilitate surface attachment and micro-colony formation. We have also identified components of V. cholerae biofilm matrix, determined its assembly principles, and investigated structure-function relationships required for biofilm stability. V. cholerae biofilms rely on exopolysaccharide VPS and on three matrix proteins RbmA, RbmC, and Bap1. Four essential matrix constituents have complementary architectural roles that stabilize the biofilm matrix. Understanding the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation and maintenance is critical for developing strategies to control cholera epidemics.